Scientists are taking Hawaii's chickens seriously. he NY Times reports on what they are finding:
On the island of Kauai, chickens have not just crossed the road.
They are also crowing in parking lots, hanging out at beaches and flocking in forests.
“They’re absolutely everywhere,” said Eben J. Gering,
an evolutionary biologist at Michigan State University who has been
studying these truly free-range birds. “They seem to be living a whole
diversity of lifestyles, from eating garbage and cat food to being fed
by tourists at the beach to foraging on native arthropods.”
In a paper published last month in the journal Molecular Ecology,
Dr. Gering and his colleagues tried to untangle the genetic history of
the Kauai feral chickens, which turn out to be not only a curiosity for
tourists, but also a window into how humans domesticated wild animals.
The reservoir of genetic traits could also prove useful for breeders.
Modern
breeds of chickens are, by and large, bigger versions of the red
junglefowl, a Southeast Asian cousin of pheasants that was domesticated
more than 7,000 years ago. (There also appear to be some genes mixed in
from the related gray junglefowl.)
American scientists published in 2004 the genome of the red junglefowl.
And in 2010, an international team coordinated by Leif Andersson, a
professor of medical biochemistry and microbiology at Uppsala University
in Sweden, sequenced the genomes of eight breeds of farm chickens.
The comparison of chicken DNA, Dr. Andersson said, sought to answer,
“Which are the most striking changes that have taken place during
chicken domestication?”
One
discovery was that all of the domesticated chicken breeds have the same
mutated form of a gene that is the blueprint for a hormone receptor in
the thyroid gland. The scientists are still investigating how the
mutation changed the bird, although Dr. Andersson said it might play a
part in chickens’ ability to lay eggs continuously instead of just in
certain seasons.
Later research, examining DNA from chicken bones
dating back 2,000 years recovered from European archaeological digs,
found that the mutation was not always ubiquitous. That disproved the
notion that the mutation was crucial to domestication.
Chicken
researchers say the uncertainties arise in part because of limited
knowledge of the wild red junglefowl — the 2004 genome, for example,
came from a single female. Also, the wild birds today may be different
from those that were originally domesticated. Chickens and red
junglefowl readily interbreed, and the wild birds may have become more
chickenlike over time.
“There
is still surprisingly a large amount that we don’t know about the
domestication process that made this bird so valuable to us,” Dr. Gering
said.
The Kauai chickens provide a new perspective — domestication in reverse.
Local
lore is that many of the Kauai chickens are descendants of birds that
escaped when Hurricane Iwa in 1982 and then Hurricane Iniki in 1992 blew
open coops. (Feral chickens are found on other Hawaiian islands, but
not in overwhelming numbers. Some speculate that Kauai is overrun
because mongooses, which like to eat eggs, were never released there.
Dr. Gering said another reason could be that the two hurricanes only
sideswiped the other islands.)
Annual
bird counts organized by the Audubon Society support that notion: The
numbers of chickens on Kauai jumped a few years after each hurricane.
But
the genealogy of chickens on Hawaii stretches back much farther. The
first people there were Polynesians, who embarked on long ocean voyages
to specks of islands in the expanse of the Pacific. They arrived at
Hawaii at least 800 years ago.
Wherever the Polynesians went, they took their chickens, which were much like the ancestral red junglefowl.
Fossils
of chickens dating to the Polynesian era, long before Capt. James Cook,
the British explorer, arrived in Hawaii in 1778, have been dug up in a
cave on Kauai. From the fossils, scientists led by Alan Cooper, director
of the Australian Center for Ancient DNA at the University of Adelaide, have extracted mitochondrial chicken DNA, part of the data they used to reconstruct the paths of Polynesian expansion.
(Mitochondria, the energy factories in the cell, possess their own
genetic code, separate from the main strands of DNA in the cell
nucleus.)
The
same Australian researchers concluded Polynesians never made it all the
way to South America, because South American chickens do not have the
Polynesian genetic signposts.
In
the new research, the scientists sequenced DNA from 23 chickens from
eight regions of Kauai. As the influx of farm chickens encountered the
older Polynesian red junglefowl population, Dr. Gering wondered, “How is
that population evolving?”
The
mitochondrial DNA of a few of the chickens matched that of the
Polynesian chicken bones from the Kauai cave; more had the DNA of recent
European breeds. Not all of the feral chickens had the mutated thyroid
hormone receptor of modern domesticated chickens. The birds’ appearances
also indicate that ancient traits persist. Some look as if they have
just walked off the farm, but many others, with burnt orange and black
plumage for the males, look like red junglefowl from the forests of
India or Vietnam.
Dr.
Gering’s collaborator Dominic Wright, a biology professor at Linköping
University, noted that many of the roosters sounded more like red
junglefowl.
Both types of birds crow, but the last syllable of the junglefowl’s crow is shorter. “It sounds like it’s being throttled right at the end,” Dr. Wright said.
Other
crowings fell in between in duration. “It’s so diverse,” he said. “It
certainly seems to be a lot of the original wild reservoir.”
Dr.
Wright is also interested in the floppy red combs on the chickens’
heads. Domestic hens have been bred to be larger and lay eggs
prolifically — traits that would seem to be attractive to roosters
hoping to spread their genes. The prolific hens advertise their ability
with a large comb. And yet, the feral hens on Kauai have quickly
reverted to a more ancestral body shape — smaller in size and smaller
combs.
“That implies there are other trade-offs that are advantageous,” Dr. Wright said. “It must have been really strong selection.”
In
follow-up research, the scientists would like to observe more of the
characteristics of the feral chickens — How many eggs do they lay? How
often? Do they grow quickly like the farm breeds? — and then try to
connect the genes responsible for the evolution of the hybrids. Dr.
Wright is mating chickens and red junglefowl to precisely study how
traits and behaviors are passed on.
Dr.
Gering speculated that until recent decades, the Kauai chickens were
largely like the ones that the Polynesians brought long ago, living in
small parts of the island and modest in number. Then they began mating
with the escaped farm chickens or their descendants, with greater
fecundity and a wider range of habitats.
“We think that’s why we’re seeing them now at Walmart and all over the place,” Dr. Gering said.
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